Price of vanadium battery for energy storage

A techno-economic model for vanadium redox flow battery is presented. The method uses experimental data from a kW-kWh-class pilot plant. A market analysis is developed to determine economic parameters. Capital cost and profitability of different battery sizes are assessed. The results of prudential and perspective analyses are presented.

In addition, the vanadium electrolyte after regeneration preserves its operative value because it is not affected by cross-contamination and aging effects. However, no market quotations are available at present for vanadium reselling, so that in a prudential analysis it was assumed EOL cost equal to zero, consistently with most literature [13, 23].

However, no market quotations are available at present for vanadium reselling, so that in a prudential analysis it was assumed EOL cost equal to zero, consistently with most literature [13, 23]. A more favorable hypothesis is made in the perspective analysis. 4. Results 4.1. LCOS and NPV with prudential assumptions

The latter figures made VFBs profitable for E/P in the range of 4–10 h. As a final comment, it is worth noting that VFB s are sold for extremely long cycle lives, which extend beyond 20 years of operation, unparalleled by other types of batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries present the lowest UCC and LCOS. This fact justifies their present market success. Nevertheless, flow batteries (FBs, also redox flow batteries – RFBs) present a number of features which make them particularly promising among other electrochemical storage technologies [15, 16].