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Lifepo4 Lithium Batteries Series-
How to determine the number of lithium batteries in series or parallel
Determine the Number of Cells in a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack for Optimal Runtime1. Divide the battery voltage rating by the nominal voltage rating to get cells in series.
FAQs about How to determine the number of lithium batteries in series or parallel
How many lithium batteries can be connected in series?
For instance, LiTime allows for a maximum of four 12V lithium batteries to be connected in series, resulting in a 48-volt system. It's always important to consult the battery manufacturer to ensure that you stay within their recommended limits for series connections.
How to get voltage of a battery in a series?
To get the voltage of batteries in series you have to sum the voltage of each cell in the serie. To get the current in output of several batteries in parallel you have to sum the current of each branch .
Can lithium-ion batteries be connected in parallel or in series?
Connecting lithium-ion batteries in parallel or in series is not as straightforward as a simple series-parallel connection of circuits. To ensure the safety of both the batteries and the individual handling them, several important factors should be taken into consideration.
Can a 200Ah battery be connected in parallel?
It depends on your specific needs. Two 100Ah batteries in parallel would provide more flexibility and redundancy, but a single 200Ah battery might be simpler to manage. Can we connect a 150Ah battery with a 200Ah battery in series? Connecting batteries in series requires them to have the same capacity.
What is the difference between a series and a parallel battery?
In series, connect batteries' positive to negative terminals to increase voltage. In parallel, connect positive to positive and negative to negative to increase capacity. Series adds voltage, parallel adds capacity. Combining both allows customizing voltage and capacity, useful for various applications.
How do you calculate battery size?
In series: Add the voltages of the batteries while keeping the same capacity (Ah). In parallel: Keep the voltage the same and add the capacities (Ah) of the batteries. What is the formula for calculating battery size?
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Three series and four parallel 12v lithium battery pack
The single-cell configuration is the simplest battery pack; the cell does not need matching and the protection circuit on a small Li-ion cell can be kept simple. Typical examples are mobile phones and tablets with one 3.60V Li-ion cell. Other uses of a single cell are wall clocks, which. Portable equipment needing higher voltages use battery packs with two or more cells connected in series. Figure 2shows a battery pack with four 3.6V Li-ion cells in series, also known as 4S, to produce 14.4V nominal. In comparison, a six-cell lead acid. There is a common practice to tap into the series string of a lead acid array to obtain a lower voltage. Heavy duty equipment running on a 24V battery bank may need a 12V supply for an. The series/parallel configuration shown in Figure 6 enables design flexibility and achieves the desired voltage and current ratings with a standard cell size. The total power is the sum of voltage times current; a 3.6V (nominal) cell multiplied by 3,400mAh produces. If higher currents are needed and larger cells are not available or do not fit the design constraint, one or more cells can be connected in parallel. Most battery chemistries allow.
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FAQs about Three series and four parallel 12v lithium battery pack
What is a 12V lithium ion battery pack?
A 12V lithium ion battery pack is a battery pack made up of three or four lithium batteries connected in series and several lithium batteries connected in parallel. This configuration allows the capacity of a 12V lithium battery to be customized.
What are the different types of lithium battery packs?
Lithium battery series and parallel: There are both parallel and series combinations in the middle of the battery pack, which increases the voltage and increases the capacity. Such as 4000mAh, 6000mAh, 8000mAh, 5Ah, 10Ah, 20Ah, 30Ah, 50Ah, 100Ah and so on. Take 48V 20Ah lithium battery pack as an example Lithium Battery PACK
Are series and parallel connection of lithium batteries safe?
The series and parallel connection of lithium batteries is a key technology to increase voltage and capacity, but it also contains safety risks. This article will analyze in detail the principles, methods and precautions of series and parallel connection of lithium batteries to help you avoid potential risks and build a battery system correctly.
What are the advantages of lithium batteries in parallel?
Lithium batteries in parallel: the voltage remains the same, the capacity is added, the internal resistance is reduced, and the power supply time is extended. Lithium battery series and parallel: There are both parallel and series combinations in the middle of the battery pack, which increases the voltage and increases the capacity.
Why is a lithium battery a series-parallel combination?
Due to the limited voltage and capacity of the single battery, in actual use, a series-parallel combination is required to obtain a higher voltage and ability to meet the existing power supply requirements of the equipment. Lithium batteries in series: the voltage is added, the capacity remains unchanged, and the internal resistance increases.
How many 12V batteries are in a 48V 35 Ah battery pack?
For our last series example, below are four 12v batteries in series to create a 48v 35 AH battery pack. When connecting batteries in series: Never cross the remaining open positive and negative terminals with each other, as this will short-circuit the batteries and cause damage or injury. The other type of connection is parallel.
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10 series and two parallel lithium battery pack
Lithium battery banks using batteries with built-in Battery Management Systems (BMS) are created by connecting two or more batteries together to support a single application. Connecting multiple lithium batteries into a string of batteries allows us to build a battery bank with the. The primary function of a BMS is to ensure that each cell in the battery remains within its safe operating limits, and to take appropriate action to prevent the. The primary purpose of a BMS is to interrupt the charge and discharge process if cell and battery voltage, cell and battery current and cell and BMS temperatures. Lithium batteries are connected in series when the goal is to increase the nominal voltage rating of one individual lithium battery - by connecting it in series strings. Overall battery performance is related to charge/discharge rates; to the temperature during the electro-chemical processes taking place during charge/discharge;.
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FAQs about 10 series and two parallel lithium battery pack
Are series and parallel connection of lithium batteries safe?
The series and parallel connection of lithium batteries is a key technology to increase voltage and capacity, but it also contains safety risks. This article will analyze in detail the principles, methods and precautions of series and parallel connection of lithium batteries to help you avoid potential risks and build a battery system correctly.
Why is a lithium battery a series-parallel combination?
Due to the limited voltage and capacity of the single battery, in actual use, a series-parallel combination is required to obtain a higher voltage and ability to meet the existing power supply requirements of the equipment. Lithium batteries in series: the voltage is added, the capacity remains unchanged, and the internal resistance increases.
What is a series-parallel battery system?
With series-parallel, batteries first link in series, then in parallel, boosting both voltage and capacity. Linking four 12V 26Ah batteries in series gives 48V and 26Ah. However, parallel connecting four 12V 100Ah batteries gives a 12V 400Ah system. Knowing how to connect batteries in series and parallel is key when you design power systems.
What is the difference between series and parallel battery packs?
The key differences between battery packs in series and parallel involve voltage and capacity configurations. Series battery packs increase voltage while maintaining the same capacity. In contrast, parallel battery packs increase capacity while maintaining the same voltage.
How to charge parallel lithium battery packs?
Specific principles must be followed when charging parallel lithium battery packs: Use a matching charger: The voltage must be suitable for the nominal voltage of the individual batteries. The current setting is reasonable: usually 0.2-0.5C of the total capacity after parallel connection.
What is lithium battery parallel connection?
Lithium battery parallel connection is to connect the positive poles of multiple batteries together, and the negative poles together, so that the total capacity can be increased while keeping the voltage unchanged.
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Capacity does not want to wait for lithium batteries to be connected in series
Different capacity batteries will have internal resistance differences, which translates into slight voltage differences, which means the batteries with higher voltage potential will try to charge.
FAQs about Capacity does not want to wait for lithium batteries to be connected in series
Can you mix different capacity lithium batteries?
Yes, you can mix different capacity lithium batteries, whether a normal 12V 100Ah battery or a Lithium server rack battery. You can combine different capacity batteries in parallel. You cannot combine different capacity batteries in series. There are a few points you need to consider when wiring in parallel. Let's explore these three points.
How many lithium batteries can be connected in series?
For instance, Redodo permits a maximum of four 12V lithium batteries to be connected in series, resulting in a 48-volt system. It's essential to always consult the battery manufacturer to ensure adherence to their recommended limits for series connections.
How to connect a lithium battery in series?
) First connect in series according to the capacity of the lithium battery cell, such as 1/3 of the capacity of the entire group, and finally connect in parallel, which reduces the probability of failure of the large-capacity lithium battery module; first connect in series and then it is of great help to the consistency of the lithium battery pack.
What happens if a lithium battery is mixed together?
If different capacities or old and new lithium batteries are mixed together, there may be leakage, zero voltage and other phenomena. This is due to the difference in capacity during the charging process. Some batteries are overcharged when charging, and some batteries are not fully charged.
Can lithium batteries with different voltages be grouped in series?
Do not let lithium batteries with different voltages in series. Due to the problem of consistency of lithium batteries, they are grouped in series under the same system (such as ternary or lithium iron), and they also need to be selected with the same voltage, internal resistance, and capacity.
Why do lithium-ion batteries need to be wired in series?
Overall capacity is added because power is measured in watts- and watts is volts multiplied by amp hours. Putting lithium batteries in series increases the overall voltage, which increases overall power. In this article, we will explain why you would want to wire lithium-ion batteries in series.
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Matching of 5 series and 2 parallel lithium battery packs
The single-cell configuration is the simplest battery pack; the cell does not need matching and the protection circuit on a small Li-ion cell can be kept simple. Typical examples are mobile phones and tablets.
FAQs about Matching of 5 series and 2 parallel lithium battery packs
Are series and parallel connection of lithium batteries safe?
The series and parallel connection of lithium batteries is a key technology to increase voltage and capacity, but it also contains safety risks. This article will analyze in detail the principles, methods and precautions of series and parallel connection of lithium batteries to help you avoid potential risks and build a battery system correctly.
How to charge parallel lithium battery packs?
Specific principles must be followed when charging parallel lithium battery packs: Use a matching charger: The voltage must be suitable for the nominal voltage of the individual batteries. The current setting is reasonable: usually 0.2-0.5C of the total capacity after parallel connection.
Can you use two batteries in a series & parallel?
Always use identical batteries—same voltage, capacity, and type. Mixing them can cause uneven charging, a risk I avoid at Minghong Power by offering matched lithium packs. Proper wiring also prevents hazards, ensuring reliable performance for your setup. How Do You Connect Two Batteries in Series and Parallel?
What is the difference between series and parallel batteries?
Using batteries in series boosts voltage; in parallel, it increases capacity. Series setups work well for big devices needing high voltages. Parallel fits for longer running needs. Series-parallel mixes offer both more power and capacity, which is great for many systems.
What is lithium battery parallel connection?
Lithium battery parallel connection is to connect the positive poles of multiple batteries together, and the negative poles together, so that the total capacity can be increased while keeping the voltage unchanged.
Can lithium batteries with different voltages be grouped in series?
Do not let lithium batteries with different voltages in series. Due to the problem of consistency of lithium batteries, they are grouped in series under the same system (such as ternary or lithium iron), and they also need to be selected with the same voltage, internal resistance, and capacity.
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Lithium batteries are several times more expensive than sodium batteries
The current costs of sodium and lithium-ion batteries show that lithium-ion batteries are generally more expensive, while sodium batteries present a promising, cheaper alternative.
FAQs about Lithium batteries are several times more expensive than sodium batteries
Which is better lithium or sodium ion battery?
Sodium is more than 500 times more abundant than lithium, which is available in a few countries. Sodium-ion battery charges faster than lithium-ion variants and have a three times higher lifecycle. However, sodium-ion batteries lack of a well-established raw material supply chain and the technology is still in early stages of development.
Why are lithium ion batteries so expensive?
Raw Material Abundance: Sodium is one of the most common elements on Earth, making sodium-ion batteries less expensive to produce. In contrast, lithium is scarcer and more costly, contributing to the higher price of lithium-ion batteries.
What is the difference between lithium ion and sodium-ion battery cells?
While there are some similarities between sodium- and lithium-ion battery cell designs, understanding how they differ can help determine the best choice for a given application. Sodium-ion battery cells, like lithium-ion, are comprised of positive and negative electrodes, a separator, and an electrolyte.
Are sodium ion batteries a viable alternative to lithium?
However, early sodium-ion batteries faced significant challenges, including lower energy density and shorter cycle life, which hindered their commercial viability. Despite these setbacks, interest in sodium-ion technology persisted due to the abundance and low cost of sodium compared to lithium.
Will sodium ion batteries replace lithium-ion?
It's unlikely that sodium-ion batteries will completely replace lithium-ion batteries. Instead, they are expected to complement them. Sodium-ion batteries could take over in niches where their specific advantages—such as lower cost, enhanced safety, and better environmental credentials—are more critical.
How are batteries compared to lithium ion batteries?
Batteries are compared using the proposed bottom-up assessment framework. The economic-ecological-efficiency analysis is conducted for batteries. The deep-decarbonization effectiveness of batteries is analyzed. Vanadium redox batteries outperform lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries have the shortest carbon payback period.
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Are sodium batteries better than lithium batteries for energy storage
While lithium-ion batteries continue to dominate the energy storage and EV markets, sodium-ion technology is emerging as a safer, more affordable alternative—especially for large-scale storage.
FAQs about Are sodium batteries better than lithium batteries for energy storage
What is the difference between lithium ion and sodium-ion batteries?
Lithium-ion batteries excel in applications requiring high energy density and long cycle life. In contrast, sodium-ion batteries offer cost-effectiveness, improved safety, and better environmental sustainability, making them suitable for large-scale energy storage and other specific applications.
Why are sodium ion batteries better?
Because sodium-ion batteries have a lower energy density than the nickel-based chemistries commonly found in lithium-ion batteries. As a result, sodium-ion batteries suit applications with lower energy requirements better. Would you like to make any other adjustments to this sentence?
Are sodium ion batteries a viable alternative to lithium?
However, early sodium-ion batteries faced significant challenges, including lower energy density and shorter cycle life, which hindered their commercial viability. Despite these setbacks, interest in sodium-ion technology persisted due to the abundance and low cost of sodium compared to lithium.
Which battery is better sodium or lithium?
Sodium is more environmentally friendly and can be transported at zero volt, making it safer. Lithium is less environmentally friendly than sodium and must be always stored with a minimum charge, increasing fire risks. A Sodium-ion battery uses aluminum which is cheaper than copper.
Is sodium ion better than lithium-ion?
However, sodium-ion still falls behind its high-performance lithium-ion counterparts. Therefore, the technologies are complementary to each other. Lithium-ion dominates in energy-intensive applications, and sodium-ion emerges as a cost-effective option for stationary storage and less weight-sensitive applications. Sodium-ion VS.
Will sodium ion batteries replace lithium-ion?
It's unlikely that sodium-ion batteries will completely replace lithium-ion batteries. Instead, they are expected to complement them. Sodium-ion batteries could take over in niches where their specific advantages—such as lower cost, enhanced safety, and better environmental credentials—are more critical.
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Weight of 20 lithium iron phosphate batteries
The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO 4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of using (LiFePO 4) as the material, and a with a metallic backing as the. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number o.
FAQs about Weight of 20 lithium iron phosphate batteries
How much power does a lithium iron phosphate battery have?
Lithium iron phosphate modules, each 700 Ah, 3.25 V. Two modules are wired in parallel to create a single 3.25 V 1400 Ah battery pack with a capacity of 4.55 kWh. Volumetric energy density = 220 Wh / L (790 kJ/L) Gravimetric energy density > 90 Wh/kg (> 320 J/g). Up to 160 Wh/kg (580 J/g).
What is the battery capacity of a lithium phosphate module?
Multiple lithium iron phosphate modules are wired in series and parallel to create a 2800 Ah 52 V battery module. Total battery capacity is 145.6 kWh. Note the large, solid tinned copper busbar connecting the modules together. This busbar is rated for 700 amps DC to accommodate the high currents generated in this 48 volt DC system.
What is the difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid?
The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate. With very high discharge rates, for instance 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is only 60% of the rated capacity.
What is the difference between a lithium ion battery and a LFP battery?
The LFP battery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many advantages and disadvantages with other lithium-ion battery chemistries. However, there are significant differences. Iron and phosphates are very common in the Earth's crust. LFP contains neither nickel nor cobalt, both of which are supply-constrained and expensive.
What is a LiFePo 4 battery?
LiFePO 4 batteries are comparable to sealed lead acid batteries and are often being touted as a drop-in replacement for lead acid applications. The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate.
How does temperature affect lithium iron phosphate batteries?
The effects of temperature on lithium iron phosphate batteries can be divided into the effects of high temperature and low temperature. Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries exhibit better performance at an elevated temperature.
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Lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries
Here, we explore the key differences found between a lithium vs Li-ion battery to provide a better understanding of their chemistry, applications, advantages, disadvantages, safety considerations, .
FAQs about Lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries
What is a lithium battery?
Lithium batteries: Lithium batteries typically refer to non-rechargeable, primary batteries. These batteries use lithium metal as one of their primary components. The lithium metal reacts with other materials within the battery to produce electrical energy. Lithium batteries can typically be found in wrist watches, TV remotes and children's toys.
Are lithium ion batteries a metal?
There is no lithium metal, only lithium ions. This is a lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion batteries are the general term for using lithium-ion intercalation compounds as positive electrode materials. Lithium-ion batteries' charging and discharging process is the intercalation and deintercalation process of lithium ions.
What is the difference between lithium ion and lithium batteries?
While both lithium-ion and lithium batteries share the common element of lithium, there are significant differences in their composition and performance characteristics. Lithium-ion batteries, also known as Li-ion batteries, are rechargeable and widely used in everyday electronics such as smartphones, laptops, and digital cameras.
What is lithium ion battery used for?
High energy density, safety, and reliability are essential for aerospace applications, driving the development of advanced lithium-ion battery technologies. Medical Devices: Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being used in medical devices, such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and portable diagnostic equipment.
What are the different types of lithium ion batteries?
Lithium batteries are divided into steel shells (square type is rarely used), aluminum shells, nickel-plated iron shells (used in cylindrical batteries), aluminum-plastic films (soft pack batteries), etc. The battery cap is also the positive and negative terminal of the battery. 2. Working principle of lithium-ion battery
What is a lithium polymer battery?
Lithium polymer batteries use gel electrolytes. Lithium batteries are divided into steel shells (square type is rarely used), aluminum shells, nickel-plated iron shells (used in cylindrical batteries), aluminum-plastic films (soft pack batteries), etc. The battery cap is also the positive and negative terminal of the battery.
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There is a string of lithium batteries that are not charging
The best way to fix it is using an overvoltage-protected charger, charge your bare lithium battery directly; do not charge it using a universal charger. It has the potential to be quite hazardous.
FAQs about There is a string of lithium batteries that are not charging
Why is my lithium iron battery not charging?
Unfortunately, when your Lithium Iron battery refuses to charge, there could be a variety of reasons behind the problem. The issues might stem from a damaged battery or external factors unrelated to the lithium battery itself. It may require some trial and error as well as battery troubleshooting to uncover the underlying cause.
What happens if a lithium ion battery doesn't charge?
Lithium batteries degrade over time, losing their ability to hold a charge. If your battery is old or you've used it extensively, it may be reaching the end of its lifespan. Part 2. How do you fix a lithium-ion battery that won't charge?
What should I do if my lithium battery won't charge?
If your lithium battery won't charge, try resetting the battery. Remove the battery from the device and leave it out for 5-10 minutes. Then, place it back in the device and attempt charging again. This can sometimes “reset” the battery and resolve minor issues that may be preventing it from charging.
How do I charge a lithium battery?
Ensure the ambient temperature is above 41°F. - All battery terminal connections have been removed. - Use a charger with lithium battery activation to charge the battery to above 12.4V/24.8V. Negative: Confirm that the battery is not in undervoltage protection. Please proceed to the remaining steps.
Why is my battery not charging?
Try using a different charger and cable to see if the issue persists. Check for visible damage to the charging cable, such as fraying or exposed wires. Test your charger with another device to ensure it's working properly. If your lithium battery won't charge, try resetting the battery.
Is it safe to fully discharge a lithium battery?
Whilst it's not unsafe to fully discharge a lithium battery, a device like the Smart Battery Protect will ensure you never get into the situation where your charger cannot wake up your BMS (if your charger doesn't have a 'wake-up' facility).
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Companies that produce assemble and sell lithium batteries
This article summarizes the top 10 lithium-ion battery manufacturers worldwide, including Tesla, Panasonic, LG Chem, CATL, BYD, A123 Systems, Samsung SDI, Toshiba, GS Yuasa, and Hopt Battery.
FAQs about Companies that produce assemble and sell lithium batteries
Who are lithium-ion battery companies?
As per the analysis by IMARC Group, Lithium-Ion Battery Companies are A123 Systems LLC, Envision AESC Limited, LG Chem Ltd., Panasonic Corporation, SAMSUNG SDI Co., Ltd., Toshiba Corporation, Amperex Technology Limited, BAK Group, Blue Energy Limited, BYD Company Ltd., CBAK Energy Technology, Inc., Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock CO., LTD.
Why is lithium-ion battery manufacturing important?
As this technology becomes more integral to our daily lives, battery manufacturing is pivotal to global energy solutions, the market for lithium-ion battery manufacturers has expanded, with companies competing to produce the most efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly solutions.
Who makes lithion batteries?
13. Lithion Battery Inc. Lithion Battery Inc. is a vertically integrated manufacturer of primary and secondary battery cells, rechargeable and non-rechargeable battery packs, and battery modules. The company boasts a full range of in-house engineering, design, and testing capabilities – offering one-stop, comprehensive energy and power solutions.
Who is a reliable lithium-ion battery manufacturer in China?
If you're looking for a reliable lithium-ion battery manufacturer in China, Tritek is your best choice. Established in 2008, with more than 15 years of expertise in custom design, professional research and development, and manufacturing.
Is LG a battery company?
LG Energy Solution, Ltd is a South Korean battery company based in Seoul. It is the only one of the world's top four battery companies with a background in chemical materials. In 1999, LG Chem made Korea's first lithium-ion battery. Later, in the 2000s, it supplied batteries for the General Motors Volt.
Who are the major players in the lithium-ion battery market?
The global lithium-ion battery market has several major players, including A123 Systems LLC, Envision AESC Limited, LG Chem Ltd., Panasonic Corporation, SAMSUNG SDI Co., Ltd., Toshiba Corporation, Amperex Technology Limited, BAK Group, Blue Energy Limited, BYD Company Ltd., CBAK Energy Technology, Inc., Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock CO., LTD.
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19 lead-acid batteries in series
Yes, you can charge batteries in series if they are identical 12V batteries. Each 12V battery has six cells, resulting in a total voltage of 24V when two batteries are connected.
FAQs about 19 lead-acid batteries in series
Can a lead acid battery be connected in parallel?
Sealed lead acid batteries have been the battery of choice for long string, high voltage battery systems for many years, although lithium batteries can be configured in series, it requires attention to the BMS or PCM. Connecting a battery in parallel is when you connect two or more batteries together to increase the amp-hour capacity.
What is a series parallel battery?
There is series-parallel connected batteries. Series-parallel connection is when you connect a string of batteries to increase both the voltage and capacity of the battery system. For example, you can connect six 6V 100Ah batteries together to give you a 12V 300Ah battery, this is achieved by configuring three strings of two batteries.
Can a 12V battery be connected in series?
When creating a lead-acid battery bank with a higher voltage, like 24 or 48V you will need to connect multiple 12V batteries in series. But there is one problem with connecting batteries in series, and this is that batteries are not electrically identical. They have slight differences in internal resistance.
Is it normal to charge lead-acid batteries in parallel?
It is normal to charge lead-acid batteries in series. As they are used, the cell voltages will change, which is why they are not charged in parallel. If they were charged in parallel, the one with the high voltage wouldn't get much current, and the one with the low voltage would get too much current.
How many Watts Does a 12V Ah battery have?
AH battery has 1200 watts of stored energy potential. Four 12V x 100AH batteries connected i series = 48V 100AH with 4800 watts of stored energy. Four series connected strings parallel together create a 48V 400A battery bank with 19200W or stored energy potential.Installers should always avoid connecting loads and charging/
Why are batteries connected in series?
batteries in Series. Increasing battery bank voltage.Batteries are connected in series when the goal is to increase the nominal voltage rating of one individual battery - by connecting it in series strings with at least one other individual battery of the same type and specification - to meet the operating voltage of th